Yazid ibn abi sufyan biography of christopher

First Islamic caliphate (–)

The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ, romanized:&#;al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) consisted of the first four successive caliphs (lit. 'successors') — Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, collectively known as the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" caliphs (الْخُلَفاءُ الرّاشِدُونَ, al-Khulafāʾ ar-Rāšidūn) — who led the Muslim community and polity from the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (in CE), to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate (in CE).

The Caliphate's first 25 years were characterized by rapid military expansion during which it became the most powerful economic, cultural and military force in West Asia and Northeast Africa. By the s, in addition to the Arabian Peninsula, the caliphate had subjugated the Levant to parts of the Transcaucasus in the north; North Africa from Egypt to the edge of present-day Tunisia in the west; and the Iranian Plateau to parts of Central and South Asia in the east

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Islamic and Syriac Christian Apocalypses of the 7th and 8th Centuries Christopher WRIGHT, The Citadel

Abstract: The article examines the Syriac Christian and Arabic Muslim apocalypses of the 7th and 8th centuries. It explores the texts written in the Islamic and Syriac Christian apocalypses during the Islamic conquest of the Byzantine east wherein Christians were witnessing impact of the Arab conquests. It cites the apocalyptic writings that focused on the neglectful and immoral attitude of the Christians towards their faith and God and the Islamic conquests in civil wars with Byzantine. It also notes the congruence and parallelism demonstrated in apocalyptic narratives of the seventh and eighth centuries in which the important role of Constantinople to the Muslims, major events of conquest and defeat, truce and treachery were traced.

Islamic and Syriac Christian Apocalypses 

of the 7th and 8th Centuries

Christopher WRIGHT, The Citadel

Those who study the first two ce

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CHAPTER 2. The Life and Work of the Prophet

Peters, F. E.. "CHAPTER 2. The Life and Work of the Prophet". A Reader on Classical Islam, Princeton: Princeton University Press, , pp.

Peters, F. (). CHAPTER 2. The Life and Work of the Prophet. In A Reader on Classical Islam (pp. ). Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Peters, F. CHAPTER 2. The Life and Work of the Prophet. A Reader on Classical Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp.

Peters, F. E.. "CHAPTER 2. The Life and Work of the Prophet" In A Reader on Classical Islam, Princeton: Princeton University Press,

Peters F. CHAPTER 2. The Life and Work of the Prophet. In: A Reader on Classical Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press; p

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